英語(yǔ)本科論文

時(shí)間：2023-03-17 17:57:55

導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：在英語(yǔ)本科論文的撰寫旅程中，學(xué)習(xí)并吸收他人佳作的精髓是一條寶貴的路徑，好期刊匯集了九篇優(yōu)秀范文，愿這些內(nèi)容能夠啟發(fā)您的創(chuàng)作靈感，引領(lǐng)您探索更多的創(chuàng)作可能。

英語(yǔ)本科論文

第1篇

關(guān)鍵詞英語(yǔ)專業(yè) 畢業(yè)論文創(chuàng)新

中圖分類號(hào)：G64 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A

A Tentative Study of the Dissertation Innovation of English Undergraduate

PAN Qinfen

(College of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023)

AbstractThe current situation of the English undergraduate dissertation is not so satisfying. The main problems include the lack of innovation in choosing the topic and the related materials, the lack of logic in organizing the structure, the lack of fluency in using the language and the inconsistence of the format. This paper mainly discusses the possibility of dissertation innovation of the English undergraduate from the viewpoint, material, and the form and suggests that the innovation ability of the English undergraduate be developed through the cooperative work of the authorities, the teachers, the student staff as well as the students.

Key wordsEnglish major students; dissertation; innovation

畢業(yè)論文寫作是英語(yǔ)專業(yè)培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃中必不可少的實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)，也是《中華人民共和國(guó)學(xué)位條例》規(guī)定的大學(xué)本科教育的必要環(huán)節(jié)，可以考察學(xué)生的綜合能力，評(píng)估其學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)，其主體實(shí)踐者是學(xué)生。從論文的選題，可以考察學(xué)生在專業(yè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新能力，從論文的結(jié)構(gòu)，可以考察學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力，從論文的寫作，可以考察學(xué)生的基本語(yǔ)言能力。畢業(yè)論文也是考察教師教學(xué)成敗的有效手段，是最為直觀的檢測(cè)教學(xué)成果的方式。

畢業(yè)論文是展示學(xué)生創(chuàng)新能力的一個(gè)重要窗口。早在2000年制定的高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)《英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱《大綱》），就已經(jīng)十分重視學(xué)生能力的培養(yǎng)，把創(chuàng)新能力作為重中之重來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)。在人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)中，明確提出要注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生“獲取知識(shí)的能力、獨(dú)立思考的能力和創(chuàng)新的能力”。對(duì)于畢業(yè)論文，“評(píng)分時(shí)除了考慮語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力外，還應(yīng)把獨(dú)立見解和創(chuàng)新意識(shí)作為重要依據(jù)?！薄陡咝Ｍ庹Z(yǔ)專業(yè)教育發(fā)展報(bào)告（1978-2008）》也指出“切實(shí)提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言技能，有效改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法，著力培養(yǎng)他們的創(chuàng)新能力是今后數(shù)年擺在英語(yǔ)專業(yè)面前的主要任務(wù)?！?/p>

1 英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文現(xiàn)狀

畢業(yè)論文作為一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)工程，歷時(shí)長(zhǎng)，跨度大，包括選題、申報(bào)、開題、初稿、修改、定稿、評(píng)閱、答辯、歸檔等環(huán)節(jié)，在教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文寫作的過(guò)程中，常常會(huì)遇到諸如選題鮮有新意、材料拼拼湊湊、結(jié)構(gòu)不甚合理、語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤百出、格式不一而同等問(wèn)題。究其原因，不難看出，除了語(yǔ)言因素，邏輯思維能力、創(chuàng)新能力的欠缺，仍是英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文存在的主要問(wèn)題。除此之外，沒有圍繞所學(xué)知識(shí)進(jìn)行相關(guān)的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，或者說(shuō)沒有理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，也是造成畢業(yè)論文人云亦云，沒有新意的一個(gè)原因。沒有心得，當(dāng)然不可能寫出有新意的文章。最后的結(jié)果是，畢業(yè)論文成了他人觀點(diǎn)的堆砌和拼湊。對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，畢業(yè)論文成了沒有辦法、倉(cāng)促應(yīng)付的環(huán)節(jié)。而對(duì)于指導(dǎo)教師來(lái)說(shuō)，畢業(yè)論文成了費(fèi)時(shí)、費(fèi)力，卻收效甚微的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。這不符合《大綱》中關(guān)于重視學(xué)生能力培養(yǎng)的精神。

2 英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)新

在高等學(xué)校外語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科教學(xué)評(píng)估方案（征求意見第三稿）中，學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文被劃入到了檢驗(yàn)教學(xué)效果下的反映學(xué)生創(chuàng)新能力的一欄里?？梢?，畢業(yè)論文不該只是資料的整理和重排，而應(yīng)該反映學(xué)生對(duì)相關(guān)問(wèn)題的一定的獨(dú)立見解和創(chuàng)新。畢業(yè)論文在內(nèi)容上可以有所創(chuàng)新。論文所討論的“相關(guān)問(wèn)題”能反映社會(huì)和時(shí)代特征，具有理論價(jià)值或?qū)嵺`意義，這是創(chuàng)新。從不同視角、不同觀點(diǎn)來(lái)討論畢業(yè)論文中的“相關(guān)問(wèn)題”，這也是創(chuàng)新。畢業(yè)論文寫作中使用實(shí)踐中新發(fā)現(xiàn)的材料，這同樣也是創(chuàng)新。

不僅如此，畢業(yè)論文在形式上也可以有所創(chuàng)新。根據(jù)不同類型高校的英語(yǔ)專業(yè)、不同專業(yè)方向、不同層次的學(xué)生，可以嘗試不同形式的畢業(yè)論文。畢業(yè)論文的新模式是對(duì)課程改革的延伸。以翻譯方向?yàn)槔?，翻譯課改的直接好處是學(xué)生參與大量的翻譯社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，獲得第一手材料。而畢業(yè)論文形式上的創(chuàng)新正是以大量的翻譯實(shí)踐活動(dòng)為基礎(chǔ)，使學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)以致用，理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，杜絕了抄襲的現(xiàn)象。

對(duì)于翻譯碩士專業(yè)學(xué)位論文的撰寫形式，教育部學(xué)位辦［2007］78 號(hào)文件對(duì)《翻譯碩士專業(yè)學(xué)位研究生指導(dǎo)性培養(yǎng)方案》有以下規(guī)定，MTI 學(xué)位論文除了研究論文形式外，還可以采用項(xiàng)目、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告等形式。項(xiàng)目主要指學(xué)生在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下選擇中外文本進(jìn)行翻譯，字?jǐn)?shù)不少于10000 字，并根據(jù)譯文就翻譯問(wèn)題寫出不少于5000 字的研究報(bào)告。實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告指學(xué)生在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下就口譯或筆譯的某個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)展開實(shí)驗(yàn)，并就實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析，寫出不少于10000 字的實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告。

那么，本科學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文是否也可以借鑒以上的兩種形式呢？以浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)為例，英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的高年級(jí)段開設(shè)有翻譯理論與實(shí)踐（英漢、漢英互譯）、口譯、實(shí)用翻譯等翻譯方向課程，翻譯課程已形成體系，而且翻譯理論與實(shí)踐（英漢、漢英互譯）課和口譯課都進(jìn)行了教學(xué)改革。此外，我校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生還有短學(xué)期做翻譯大型練習(xí)的傳統(tǒng)，每年有“翻譯大賽”，暑期有全省英語(yǔ)糾錯(cuò)活動(dòng)，高年級(jí)的同學(xué)還成立了翻譯社團(tuán)，積極參與翻譯社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。所有這些，都為學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文新模式的嘗試提供了扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

3 實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新的舉措

有一個(gè)現(xiàn)象值得大家反思：有些同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)不錯(cuò)，但畢業(yè)論文卻寫得不怎么樣。究其原因，主要還是創(chuàng)新能力不足。因此，要實(shí)現(xiàn)畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)新，首先必須培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力。而創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng)，除了學(xué)生自身的努力，還需要教學(xué)管理者、論文指導(dǎo)教師、學(xué)工人員的聯(lián)動(dòng)配合。

3.1 從教學(xué)管理者層面

首先，教學(xué)管理者要根據(jù)《大綱》要求，合理制定培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃中的課程及專業(yè)實(shí)踐設(shè)置。課程設(shè)置可以針對(duì)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行拓展，增加社會(huì)科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)，以拓寬學(xué)生知識(shí)面，激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)術(shù)研究熱情，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思辨能力和創(chuàng)新能力。專業(yè)實(shí)踐設(shè)置要以課程為基礎(chǔ)，可以針對(duì)各個(gè)方向課程設(shè)置短學(xué)期大型作業(yè)或者專項(xiàng)社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用知識(shí)的能力，并允許學(xué)生以社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)為素材，開展畢業(yè)論文的撰寫。其次，要加強(qiáng)對(duì)畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)教師的選拔，推進(jìn)導(dǎo)師制的實(shí)施，并且嚴(yán)格控制指導(dǎo)學(xué)生人數(shù)，保證指導(dǎo)時(shí)間和指導(dǎo)質(zhì)量。建議在大三年級(jí)實(shí)行導(dǎo)師制，根據(jù)學(xué)生的興趣和愛好，選取相應(yīng)學(xué)科的導(dǎo)師，在專業(yè)知識(shí)及相關(guān)課程上予以指導(dǎo)。第三，要開展各種學(xué)術(shù)交流活動(dòng)，使學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)拓寬視角，開闊眼界，形成良好的學(xué)術(shù)氛圍。

3.2 從教師層面

授課教師要改變傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式、考試模式，改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法，利用現(xiàn)代化的教學(xué)手段，倡導(dǎo)自主學(xué)習(xí)、研究型學(xué)習(xí)，采用開放式、合作式、發(fā)現(xiàn)式、研究式等教學(xué)模式，激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，提高他們的邏輯思維能力和創(chuàng)新能力。除此之外，論文指導(dǎo)教師還要加強(qiáng)自身的學(xué)術(shù)修養(yǎng)，熟悉學(xué)術(shù)前沿，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生開展畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)新。

3.3 從學(xué)工層面

學(xué)生工作管理者要積極配合專業(yè)，開展豐富多彩的第二課堂活動(dòng)。通過(guò)讓學(xué)生成為老師的教學(xué)助手、科研助手等形式，鍛煉學(xué)生的能力。要積極動(dòng)員學(xué)生參加學(xué)校的大學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)。并把課外實(shí)踐、研究、創(chuàng)新等活動(dòng)納入綜合考評(píng)體系，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新。

除了創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng)，為推進(jìn)學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文創(chuàng)新，還要做好畢業(yè)論文的動(dòng)員、組織和指導(dǎo)工作。各院校的英語(yǔ)專業(yè)要設(shè)立畢業(yè)論文領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組，制定工作細(xì)則，完善規(guī)章制度，解決疑難問(wèn)題。在畢業(yè)論文撰寫的過(guò)程中要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，適當(dāng)調(diào)整論文進(jìn)程，盡量減少學(xué)生的考研、專八考試、實(shí)習(xí)、求職等對(duì)畢業(yè)論文的影響，保證學(xué)生有充裕的時(shí)間查找資料，與指導(dǎo)教師進(jìn)行面對(duì)面的交流，并選取自己感興趣而又切實(shí)可行的方向或選題。為避免畢業(yè)論文選題重復(fù)，缺乏新意，還要嚴(yán)把選題關(guān)?？梢怨冀鼛啄甑膶W(xué)生論文題目，要求學(xué)生不得重復(fù)選題，在此基礎(chǔ)上，再請(qǐng)指導(dǎo)教師、學(xué)科方向負(fù)責(zé)人等把關(guān)，督促學(xué)生開展畢業(yè)論文創(chuàng)新。除此之外，對(duì)論文的評(píng)定也要做到科學(xué)、合理。要注重學(xué)生論文寫作的過(guò)程，把論文開題報(bào)告和文獻(xiàn)綜述、論文寫作和修改以及答辯情況等納入學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定體系，以保證論文的質(zhì)量和創(chuàng)新。

4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)新，是撰寫畢業(yè)論文的意義所在，為此，廣大外語(yǔ)教師和英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生付出了很多努力。英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文無(wú)論在視角上、觀點(diǎn)上、材料上還是在形式上，都可以創(chuàng)新。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力，需要教學(xué)管理者、教師、學(xué)生工作管理者和學(xué)生四者聯(lián)動(dòng)，缺一不可。在強(qiáng)調(diào)畢業(yè)論文創(chuàng)新的過(guò)程中，指導(dǎo)教師有時(shí)也會(huì)面臨各種困惑。比如“如何衡量本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)新”，“創(chuàng)新能力與語(yǔ)言能力哪個(gè)更為重要”。要解決這些困惑，需要我們外語(yǔ)教育工作者不斷地探索并為之做出不懈的努力。

本文為浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)教學(xué)改革項(xiàng)目JG0836研究成果

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]高等學(xué)校外語(yǔ)專業(yè)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)英語(yǔ)組高等學(xué)校專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2000.

第2篇

在實(shí)習(xí)名單正式出來(lái)之前，如果有特殊原因要求單獨(dú)實(shí)習(xí)的同學(xué)，系部會(huì)做考慮，但是大部分同學(xué)會(huì)選擇集體實(shí)習(xí)，集體實(shí)習(xí)氛圍更好。分組完成之后，帶隊(duì)指導(dǎo)老師需召集所在組學(xué)生進(jìn)行任務(wù)分配，選好組長(zhǎng)或者隊(duì)長(zhǎng)幫助協(xié)調(diào)組員之間關(guān)系，處理本校指導(dǎo)老師未在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)時(shí)的相關(guān)事宜。進(jìn)入實(shí)習(xí)程序時(shí)，帶隊(duì)指導(dǎo)老師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生加入另一所中學(xué)的生活、學(xué)習(xí)、教學(xué)與管理，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，指導(dǎo)老師接觸最多的是學(xué)生在聽課、備課、試講和講課的表現(xiàn)，要求學(xué)生最大限度地學(xué)習(xí)他人的長(zhǎng)處，尤其掌握自己所帶班學(xué)生的特點(diǎn)，有針對(duì)性地開展自己的實(shí)習(xí)計(jì)劃，幫助中學(xué)生提高。只有學(xué)生在完全有準(zhǔn)備的情況下，指導(dǎo)老師才能認(rèn)同其正式授課，對(duì)于試教情況不是很好的學(xué)生，要加強(qiáng)心理教育。實(shí)習(xí)結(jié)束時(shí)，指導(dǎo)老師要對(duì)所在組實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生進(jìn)行評(píng)分，推選優(yōu)秀實(shí)習(xí)生。本科院校老師對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生管理是成功實(shí)習(xí)最基本的保證。

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，每個(gè)大學(xué)都會(huì)建立相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的幾個(gè)實(shí)習(xí)基地，但是情況也會(huì)因?qū)W校而異。有些學(xué)校比較重視學(xué)校教學(xué)效績(jī)，擔(dān)心大學(xué)生來(lái)校實(shí)習(xí)會(huì)打斷其正常教學(xué)秩序，對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生存有一定的排斥，但基于上層關(guān)系，又不忍拒絕，卻又無(wú)法放手讓學(xué)生真正承擔(dān)實(shí)習(xí)具體工作，對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)工作的圓滿完成會(huì)產(chǎn)生阻力。但大部分的實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)校對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)生是持歡迎的態(tài)度，年輕活力的注入會(huì)幫助所在學(xué)校學(xué)生激發(fā)熱情和朝氣。后勤管理對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生都會(huì)開放綠色通道，如住宿等基本上都免費(fèi)提供，允許延長(zhǎng)熄燈時(shí)間。實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生所在科任老師會(huì)提前預(yù)知他們的課程進(jìn)度，而所帶班班主任也會(huì)將班上的基本情況告知實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生，他們會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生在其所在班的教學(xué)和班主任工作實(shí)行宏觀監(jiān)控，既讓實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生有一定的主動(dòng)權(quán)，又會(huì)給他們相應(yīng)任務(wù)，更好地去調(diào)節(jié)課堂進(jìn)度和班級(jí)管理工作。接受學(xué)校對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生的管理是實(shí)習(xí)工作不可或缺的一部分。

三、實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)校學(xué)生的管理

實(shí)習(xí)過(guò)程的兩個(gè)基本環(huán)節(jié)：教學(xué)與班主任工作是相輔相成的，它們能夠很好地體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的管理能力。隨著學(xué)校生源質(zhì)量的不斷下降，即便是重點(diǎn)中學(xué)學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)也不一定好，加上很多學(xué)校實(shí)施分級(jí)教學(xué)，允許給實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生帶的班其學(xué)生自制能力較差。對(duì)此，要完全實(shí)現(xiàn)教學(xué)效果和班主任管理工作不是容易之事，教學(xué)管理中，要體現(xiàn)因材施教，吸引學(xué)生興趣的手段和方法，而班主任工作中就要充分施以情感教育，用心去感化學(xué)生，讓學(xué)生意識(shí)到自己行為的不端，但老師并未曾放棄他，讓其有信心繼續(xù)前行。實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)校學(xué)生的管理是成功實(shí)習(xí)最重要的組成部分。

四、院校實(shí)習(xí)專管秘書對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生材料的管理

實(shí)習(xí)作為高校教學(xué)重要組成部分，其嚴(yán)肅性與規(guī)范性是首要的。實(shí)習(xí)結(jié)束后，實(shí)習(xí)學(xué)生要上交的材料有自己最滿意的一份教案，實(shí)習(xí)過(guò)程記錄（包括聽課記錄和班主任工作記錄），實(shí)結(jié)。由于部分學(xué)生未參加集體實(shí)習(xí)，很多材料有過(guò)渡參照其他人的嫌疑，造成一定的雷同。還有同學(xué)因?yàn)閷?shí)習(xí)過(guò)程中不是特別用心，實(shí)結(jié)感觸不深，也會(huì)拿別人的成果濫竽充數(shù)，造成某個(gè)版本泛濫，實(shí)習(xí)效果不明顯的彰顯。所以，實(shí)習(xí)材料質(zhì)量問(wèn)題管理是一個(gè)很大問(wèn)題，還有些同學(xué)借著單獨(dú)實(shí)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)沒能及時(shí)返校上交材料，數(shù)量上也有參差不齊。材料管理工作是實(shí)習(xí)工作順利完成的硬件基礎(chǔ)。

五、結(jié)語(yǔ)

第3篇

關(guān)鍵詞：英語(yǔ)專業(yè)；畢業(yè)論文；論文課程；教師指導(dǎo)

畢業(yè)論文寫作是考查學(xué)生綜合能力、評(píng)估學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)的一個(gè)重要方式。完成畢業(yè)論文的寫作與答辯是學(xué)生取得畢業(yè)資格、獲得學(xué)士學(xué)位的必備條件。為了更好地規(guī)范高師院校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文寫作的教學(xué)與指導(dǎo)，我們以長(zhǎng)春師范學(xué)院英語(yǔ)專業(yè)2009屆學(xué)生

為研究對(duì)象，探討了畢業(yè)論文寫作課程的設(shè)置及教師的指導(dǎo)策略。

一、英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文寫作課程的設(shè)置

《高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》中并未規(guī)定高校是否需要開設(shè)畢業(yè)論文寫作課程，因此鮮有高校把畢業(yè)論文寫作納入教學(xué)計(jì)劃中。但從實(shí)際情況來(lái)看，開設(shè)畢業(yè)論文寫作課能夠有效地提高學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文撰寫能力，并且培養(yǎng)其獨(dú)立思考、探索的科研能力。我校2009―2011三年開設(shè)了畢業(yè)論文寫作課程，筆者僅以此為基礎(chǔ)得出一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)：

1.課時(shí)安排

畢業(yè)論文寫作能力的提高絕不是一蹴而就的，在二年級(jí)與三年級(jí)開設(shè)寫作課時(shí)，教師可以滲透畢業(yè)論文寫作要求，安排學(xué)生查閱資料、寫學(xué)期論文等。在此基礎(chǔ)之上，我們把畢業(yè)論文寫作課程與教師單獨(dú)指導(dǎo)相結(jié)合。

2.教學(xué)內(nèi)容

畢業(yè)論文寫作課往往涉及如下內(nèi)容：論文選題、開題報(bào)告、文獻(xiàn)綜述、文獻(xiàn)檢索、寫作技巧、專題寫作、研究方法、論文格式、論文修改、常見錯(cuò)誤評(píng)析、論文答辯及注意事項(xiàng)等。近年來(lái)，我國(guó)出版了很多關(guān)于英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文寫作方面的專著與教材，但考慮到此門課程的實(shí)用性及學(xué)時(shí)的局限性等因素，任課教師需要自行選擇與整理，總結(jié)出適合所教學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)程度的教學(xué)內(nèi)容，使學(xué)生在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)快速、清晰地掌握論文寫作要領(lǐng)。

3.教學(xué)方法

此門課程強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的實(shí)踐能力，因此教學(xué)形式應(yīng)該是教師講授與學(xué)生操練相結(jié)合。教師講完每章節(jié)內(nèi)容后，布置相關(guān)任務(wù)要求學(xué)生課后完成，之后再根據(jù)其完成情況進(jìn)行總結(jié)，或是讓學(xué)生以小組形式進(jìn)行討論，互相評(píng)價(jià)與修正。同時(shí)，教師也應(yīng)該提供優(yōu)秀論文與問(wèn)題論文供學(xué)生參考、借鑒，讓學(xué)生從評(píng)論者的角度去發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題。這樣，通過(guò)講解可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生開展下一步的工作，通過(guò)實(shí)踐又能使學(xué)生避免不必要的錯(cuò)誤。

4.考核辦法

本課程以考核學(xué)生的平時(shí)任務(wù)完成為主，輔以期末考試考查理論知識(shí)及對(duì)知識(shí)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。平時(shí)的任務(wù)形式包括小組活動(dòng)、資料搜集、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)等，而期末考試可以以開卷形式進(jìn)行或是要求學(xué)生事先準(zhǔn)備，寫與所選題目相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)綜述、論文各部分，如引言等。

二、教師的針對(duì)性指導(dǎo)

論文寫作課只是為學(xué)生建構(gòu)了畢業(yè)論文寫作的大體框架，而具體的實(shí)施則需要指導(dǎo)教師給予學(xué)生有針對(duì)性的輔導(dǎo)。兩者應(yīng)同步進(jìn)行，相輔相成。

1.畢業(yè)論文的選題直接關(guān)系到論文的完成質(zhì)量

在論文寫作課初步介紹完論文選題之后，教師可以給出和自己研究方向緊密相關(guān)的論文題目供學(xué)生選擇。這樣，教師可以給予學(xué)生更多的幫助，同時(shí)也可以讓學(xué)生參與到自己的研究中，做到教學(xué)相長(zhǎng)。

2.指導(dǎo)學(xué)生科研方法，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生科研能力

教師還應(yīng)該著重注意指導(dǎo)學(xué)生查閱資料，了解最新的研究動(dòng)態(tài)，避免學(xué)生思路閉塞以致題目陳舊、沒有研究?jī)r(jià)值。另外，由于專業(yè)特點(diǎn)，很多學(xué)生選擇了英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法，但他們的論文往往只限于文獻(xiàn)研究，并不能真正與教學(xué)相聯(lián)系。教師可以指導(dǎo)并幫助學(xué)生結(jié)合論文課上所講的科研方法，設(shè)計(jì)試驗(yàn)，做調(diào)查分析等，真正培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的研究能力。

3.要加強(qiáng)對(duì)畢業(yè)論文的監(jiān)督力度

教師要對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行誠(chéng)信教育，強(qiáng)化指導(dǎo)與監(jiān)控，力求避免抄襲現(xiàn)象。同時(shí)，也要督促學(xué)生合理規(guī)劃時(shí)間，及時(shí)與老師溝通，保質(zhì)保量地完成論文撰寫工作。

畢業(yè)論文寫作是大學(xué)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)前最后一項(xiàng)也是極為重要的一個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，它的順利完成需要學(xué)生、學(xué)校和教師三方面的共同努力。我們希望規(guī)范的教學(xué)及指導(dǎo)能幫助學(xué)生養(yǎng)成科學(xué)的研究態(tài)度，形成嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膶W(xué)術(shù)作風(fēng)，為他們將來(lái)的工作打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

［1］程小薔.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)策略研究［J］.成人高教學(xué)刊，2010（2）.

［2］吳俊.關(guān)于本科院校開設(shè)英語(yǔ)畢業(yè)論文寫作課的思考［J］.忻州師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2011-08.

作者簡(jiǎn)介：

第一作者：曹佳[（1981―），女，漢族，長(zhǎng)春人，講師，碩士研究生，主要從事外國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究；第二作者：孫莉莉（1975―），女，漢族，長(zhǎng)春人，副教授，碩士研究生，主要從事社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究。

第4篇

《單向度的人》是德國(guó)著名哲人馬爾庫(kù)塞最負(fù)盛名的一部力作。“單向度”;(one-dimension)這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)今天已成為最膾炙人口的概念之一。單向度的人(one-dimensional man),即是喪失否定、批判和超越能力的人。這樣的人不再有能力去追求,甚至也不再有能力去想象一種與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活不同的生活形式[3]3-5。在此借用馬爾庫(kù)塞的這一概念,用“多向度寫作”;指不因囿于同一模式和既成的規(guī)范而形成八股文式的寫作,不以文害意,而是具有創(chuàng)意,有批評(píng)和身份意識(shí), 充分體現(xiàn)思辨能力的寫作模式?！岸嘞蚨取?分為知識(shí)向度、技術(shù)向度、文化向度和思辨向度,它們是層級(jí)升高和互為基礎(chǔ)的關(guān)系。

一、現(xiàn)狀分析日前,學(xué)界就本科畢業(yè)論文的存廢問(wèn)題展開了激烈的爭(zhēng)論,有人認(rèn)為,本科畢業(yè)論文只是一個(gè)“美麗的擺設(shè)”;,達(dá)到了 “人神共憤”;的境地,勞民傷財(cái),應(yīng)該廢除;有人認(rèn)為如果因?yàn)橘|(zhì)量差就取消是因噎廢食,不僅不能取消,而應(yīng)找到問(wèn)題的癥結(jié)和解決辦法。筆者認(rèn)為,語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的重要技能除了口頭表達(dá),還有書面表達(dá),取消畢業(yè)論文的這種“瘦身運(yùn)動(dòng)”;不可取,況且英語(yǔ)專業(yè)生的畢業(yè)論文更擔(dān)負(fù)著提高學(xué)生思辨能力的重任,不可廢除。業(yè)界專家在教學(xué)評(píng)估和調(diào)研過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)了英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科生思辨能力欠缺的問(wèn)題,特別突出體現(xiàn)在畢業(yè)論文的寫作上。如黃源深教授在論文“思辨缺席”;[4]18-19,和“英語(yǔ)專業(yè)課程必須徹底改革———再論‘思辨缺席’”;[5]1中進(jìn)行的跨度十余年的考察的結(jié)果仍然是“思辨缺席”;,這不能不引起我們的反思。黃教授指出目前“思辨缺席”;不僅是英語(yǔ)專業(yè)生的痼疾,甚至是一部分英語(yǔ)專業(yè)教師的痼疾,并探討了一些解決方案。王寧教授針對(duì)中國(guó)的語(yǔ)言文學(xué)研究在國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)界處于“失語(yǔ)”;狀態(tài)的說(shuō)法,指出“這絕不是一個(gè)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的問(wèn)題,而是我們學(xué)會(huì)了如何說(shuō)話和寫作,但卻不知道說(shuō)什么和寫什么的問(wèn)題。……所以,我們決不能滿足淺層次的教學(xué)工作,而應(yīng)致力于培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新人才。”;[6]1-2

目前對(duì)本科畢業(yè)論文的研究多圍繞形式展開,針對(duì)如何提高論文的思想含量的研究較少,而針對(duì)地方院校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科生畢業(yè)論文體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的思辨缺席現(xiàn)狀的實(shí)證研究和相應(yīng)的教學(xué)改革措施的研究就更少了。探究造成這一現(xiàn)狀的根源,發(fā)現(xiàn)存在著中學(xué)與大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)銜接不當(dāng),英語(yǔ)教育理論與實(shí)踐斷裂的現(xiàn)象。隨著英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)起始年齡的降低和對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重視,大部分學(xué)生在小學(xué)甚至是幼兒園就開始學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),經(jīng)過(guò)十多年的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí),進(jìn)入大學(xué)后可以說(shuō)基本解決了英語(yǔ)聽說(shuō)讀寫的語(yǔ)言技能,特別是英語(yǔ)專業(yè)生,入學(xué)的口語(yǔ)測(cè)試要達(dá)到一定水平才能錄取。那么,大學(xué)階段的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)還是僅僅定位于語(yǔ)言技能的訓(xùn)練,那豈不是重復(fù)勞動(dòng)?無(wú)形地延長(zhǎng)了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)周期。大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)和中學(xué)的根本區(qū)別不是聽說(shuō)讀寫的流利和準(zhǔn)確的程度差別,而是如何表達(dá)更深層的思想和更廣闊的視野,所以大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教育應(yīng)該把培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思辨能力和創(chuàng)新思維放在首要的位置。

受主流語(yǔ)言學(xué)的影響,目前我國(guó)的外語(yǔ)教學(xué)仍以語(yǔ)言形式為主。主流語(yǔ)言學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)能指,即語(yǔ)言形式的研究,而忽略了對(duì)具有豐富內(nèi)涵的所指,即意義的研究。“語(yǔ)言意識(shí)”; (即關(guān)注語(yǔ)言形式的意識(shí))已得到充分的重視,而對(duì)“批評(píng)語(yǔ)言意識(shí)”;(即關(guān)注語(yǔ)言的社會(huì)性和思想性)的強(qiáng)調(diào)不夠[7]3。在大學(xué)階段,學(xué)生外語(yǔ)水平的進(jìn)一步提高就體現(xiàn)在思想的深度和廣度,在這種狀況之下,學(xué)生的思辨性寫作問(wèn)題就凸現(xiàn)出來(lái)。目前通過(guò)一系列有效措施,基本解決了學(xué)生的論文格式和規(guī)范方面的問(wèn)題,大部分學(xué)生的論文語(yǔ)言流暢,沒有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,符合格式,但都是一些綜述性的文章,沒有新意,整齊劃一,給人一種新八股文的印象,走向了以文害意的極端。語(yǔ)言哲學(xué)家塞爾說(shuō)過(guò):“沒有感受性的嚴(yán)格是空洞的,沒有嚴(yán)格性的情感只是浮華的廢話”;[8]155。如何把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和客觀與批評(píng)意識(shí)有效地結(jié)合起來(lái),如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思辨能力和學(xué)術(shù)意識(shí)成了問(wèn)題的焦點(diǎn)。

二、幾點(diǎn)建議因?yàn)楸究飘厴I(yè)論文不是單純的一門課程或某一個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),而是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的、動(dòng)態(tài)的系統(tǒng)工程,是把知識(shí)片段進(jìn)行橫向聯(lián)合而且付諸實(shí)踐的一個(gè)有效手段。因此改革內(nèi)容與方法應(yīng)該從宏觀考量,應(yīng)從人才培養(yǎng)理念、課程設(shè)置以及師資培訓(xùn)和整合等幾個(gè)大方面入手。

第5篇

1.1 Background of this study 1

1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1

1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2

1.4 The significance of the study 2

2. Literature Review 4

2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4

2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5

2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6

2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8

3. The methodology 10

3.1 The subjects 10

3.2 Instruments 10

3.3 Data collection 11

3.4 Data analysis 11

4. Results and discussion 16

4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16

4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16

4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17

5. Conclusion 19

Acknowledgements 20

References 21

Appendices 23

1. Introduction

In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.

1.1 Background of this study

With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.

In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.

Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.

1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students

In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.

According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.

1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home

With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.

Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245

1.4 The significance of the study

With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.

What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.

2. Literature Review

In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.

2.1 Definition of learning strategies

In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.

Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.

In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78

In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58

2.2 Classification of learning strategies

2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad

Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:

In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.

The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55

1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.

2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.

The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.

Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.

2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China

As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.

Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56

Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54

2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies

2.3.1 Nature of oral English

Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar. Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.

The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85

2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad

With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:

1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.

2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.

Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language，the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79

The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.

O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive，cognitive，and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.

Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university，half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75

2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home

From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307

In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26

2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies

During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.

1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154

2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25

3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.

4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.

5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.

6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.

7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85

3. The methodology

The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.

3.1 The subjects

3.1.1 Purpose

The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.

3.1.2 Participants

The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.

3.2 Instruments

The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.

3.3 Data collection

The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.

3.4 Data analysis

This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.

3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies

Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life

Category Online In real life

Overall strategies 2.50 4.02

Memory strategies 2.30 4.33

Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04

Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83

Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12

Affective strategies 2.19 3.03

Social strategies 2.24 4.08

The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.

3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies

Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies

Category Mean Std. Deviation

Memory strategies 2.30 2.29

Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33

Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91

Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18

Affective strategies 2.19 3.43

Social strategies 2.24 3.07

The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.

3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors

3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender

Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender

Category Male Female

Overall strategies 2.33 2.67

Memory strategies 2.28 2.32

Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61

Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57

Affective strategies 2.18 2.20

Social strategies 2.21 2.27

From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.

3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors

Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major

Category Science Arts

Overall strategies 2.36 2.64

Memory strategies 2.25 2.35

Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63

Compensation strategies 2.59 2.47

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33

Affective strategies 2.15 2.23

Social strategies 2.19 2.29

From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.

3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities

Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality

Category Extroverted Introverted

Overall strategies 2.50 2.42

Memory strategies 2.27 2.33

Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56

Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34

Affective strategies 2.19 2.17

Social strategies 2.26 2.21

From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.

3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels

Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning

strategies by different self-rated proficiency level

Category High Medium Low

Overall strategies 2.53 1.61 0.89

Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12

Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98

Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83

Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67

Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83

In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.

4. Results and discussion

4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies

As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:

First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.

Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.

Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.

The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.

4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.

From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.

The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.

Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.

4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors

As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.

As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages

As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.

As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.

As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.

At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.

5. Conclusion

The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.

Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.

As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.

It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.

Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.

All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

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Appendices

浙江科技學(xué)院非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)大學(xué)生網(wǎng)上英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)策略調(diào)查問(wèn)卷

一、個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)況

姓名:

性別: A 男 B女

科別： A 理工科 B文科

你的性格特征： A內(nèi)向 B外向

你認(rèn)為你目前的英語(yǔ)綜合水平： A很差 B一般 C優(yōu)秀

二、網(wǎng)上英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)策略調(diào)查

（元認(rèn)知策略使用情況調(diào)查）

1、我尋求好的網(wǎng)上口語(yǔ)練習(xí)的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。